Two hard layers protect the pulp. Enamel covers the outside of the crown, and a softer layer called dentin sits beneath it. A cavity starts when mouth bacteria turn sugars into acid that dissolves enamel. Once decay breaks through to the dentin, it can spread toward the pulp more quickly. Tooth decay that goes untreated can lead to pain, infection, and tooth loss. A root canal often stops that process in time to keep the tooth. Cracks give bacteria a second route inside, even when the tooth looks normal. A hard blow to the mouth can injure the pulp without leaving a visible chip. Repeated dental work on the same tooth over many years can do the same.
Why a Tooth Infection Does Not Heal on Its Own
The pulp sits inside rigid walls and gets its blood supply through a tiny opening at the tip of each root. That narrow supply cannot bring in enough of the body's defenses to clear an established infection, so the tissue begins to die. Antibiotics may calm a spreading infection for a short time. They do not treat inflamed pulp or remove the infected tissue sealed inside the tooth. The pain may fade for a while, yet the infection can keep moving toward the bone. Clearing the source takes dental treatment, usually a root canal or removal of the tooth.
How an Abscess Affects the Gums and Jaw
An abscess is a pocket of pus that forms when infection collects at the root tip or in the gum beside the tooth. The pressure can cause a deep, throbbing ache that spreads toward the jaw, ear, or neck. Some people notice a bad taste, swollen glands under the jaw, or a fever. Over time, the infection can wear away the bone that anchors the root and loosen the tooth. An untreated tooth abscess can spread into the jawbone, nearby soft tissue, and other parts of the body. It needs prompt dental care even when the pain eases.